ATTRIBUTION FOR LIABILITY
A second related constraint is attribution for liability. ASEAN has considerable technical capacity to detect hotspots and track the movement of smoke haze, but identifying the source of it is not the same as establishing legal responsibility.
Determining who caused a fire requires land concession data, investigation and evidence that can support enforcement. These functions remain largely within national jurisdictions. In essence, ASEAN has far less capacity to determine who should be held responsible and face the consequences.
Singapore has sought to close this gap through its Transboundary Haze Pollution Act, which…
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